Prevention, Treatment and Education
Preventing the potential spread of COVID-19 can involve a range of precautions, such as isolation and the wearing of personal protective equipment, and education to patients, healthcare workers and the broader community. Once COVID-19 is diagnosed, various treatments may be considered, together with education for the patient and their families/caregivers
Prevention
Prevention Findings
Education
Medication
Administrative Procedures
Therapeutic Procedures
Treatment Findings
Treatment Equipment
These data elements are described below, with example SNOMED CT subsets where applicable.
Prevention
Precautionary measures, such as 840534001 | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination| , 225368008 | Contact tracing| , and 170499009 | Isolation of infection contact (procedure)| are extremely important in the fight against infectious diseases such as COVID-19. The following preventative measures can be recorded using SNOMED CT.
CV19-PTE-PreventionProcedures
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
1157196000
Administration of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure)
Administration of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine
20210731
1144997007
Administration of first dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure)
Administration of first dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
20210131
1157197009
Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure)
Administration of second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine
20210731
1157108008
Administration of second dose vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (procedure)
Administration of second dose SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine
20210731
1144998002
Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure)
Administration of second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
20210131
1162646009
Administration of second dose of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (procedure)
Administration of second dose of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine
20210731
1156257007
Administration of vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (procedure)
Administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
20210731
1157107003
Administration of vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (procedure)
Administration of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine
20210731
840534001
Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (procedure)
Administration of SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine
20210131
1119350007
Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (procedure)
Administration of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
20210131
1162645008
Administration of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (procedure)
Administration of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine
20210731
409524006
Airborne precautions (procedure)
Airborne precautions
20040731
422181004
Antibiotic prophylaxis (procedure)
Antibiotic prophylaxis
20060731
449399005
Application of personal protective equipment (procedure)
Application of personal protective equipment
20110731
386242000
Communicable disease management (procedure)
Communicable disease management
20030131
225368008
Contact tracing (procedure)
Contact tracing
20020131
409529001
Contact precautions (procedure)
Contact precautions
20040731
409686004
Disinfecting of equipment (procedure)
Disinfecting of equipment
20040731
449390009
Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters (procedure)
Ensuring use of supplies and equipment within safe parameters
20110731
122467006
Fitting procedure (procedure)
Fitting procedure
20020131
77248004
Infection control procedure (procedure)
Infection control procedure
20020131
370832005
Initiation of traffic control (procedure)
Initiation of traffic control
20020731
361235007
Isolation of infected patient (procedure)
Isolation of infected patient
20020131
170499009
Isolation of infection contact (procedure)
Isolation of infection contact
20020131
170500000
Isolation of infection carrier (procedure)
Isolation of infection carrier
20020131
40174006
Isolation procedure (procedure)
Isolation technique
20020131
225995005
Maintaining a safe environment (procedure)
Maintaining a safe environment
20020131
275827007
Maintaining asepsis (procedure)
Maintaining asepsis
20020131
38883000
Preoperative disinfection of skin (procedure)
Preoperative disinfection of skin
20020131
29537000
Preoperative shaving of skin (procedure)
Preoperative shaving of skin
20080131
736762004
Provision of personal protective equipment (procedure)
Provision of personal protective equipment
20180131
409525007
Respiratory secretion precautions (procedure)
Respiratory secretion precautions
20040731
410410006
Screening surveillance (regime/therapy)
Screening surveillance
20040731
409522005
Standard precautions (procedure)
Standard precautions
20040731
409684001
Sterilization of equipment (procedure)
Sterilization of equipment
20040731
409583003
Transmission-based precautions (procedure)
Transmission-based precautions
20040731
243791004
Viral screening (procedure)
Viral screening
20080131
Prevention Findings
Clinical findings (or situations) relating to the COVID-19 preventative measures performed may be captured in a health record. The following prevention findings (or situations) may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
CV19-PTE-PreventionFindings
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
1156256003
Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (disorder)
Adverse reaction to COVID-19 vaccine
20210731
1157195001
Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (disorder)
Adverse reaction to inactivated whole COVID-19 antigen vaccine
20210731
1157106007
Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (disorder)
Adverse reaction to COVID-19 non-replicating viral vector vaccine
20210731
1142182006
Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (disorder)
Adverse reaction to COVID-19 antigen vaccine
20210131
1142181004
Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (disorder)
Adverse reaction to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine
20210131
1162644007
Adverse reaction to component of vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (disorder)
Adverse reaction to COVID-19 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine
20210731
1145003007
Hypersensitivity to vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (finding)
Hypersensitivity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine
20210131
1157198004
Inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)
Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1157200005
Inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation)
Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined
20210731
1157199007
Second dose of inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)
Second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1157201009
Second dose of inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation)
Second dose of inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined
20210731
1145035007
Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine contraindicated (situation)
Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine contraindicated
20210131
1145034006
Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation)
Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine declined
20210131
1157113007
Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated (situation)
Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1157120000
Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined (situation)
Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined
20210731
1162648005
Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)
Second dose of recombinant spike protein SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1162650002
Second dose of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined (situation)
Second dose of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined
20210731
1145031003
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen or Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine declined
20210131
1145023008
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine contraindicated
20210131
1145033000
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccine declined (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine declined
20210131
1145030002
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen vaccination not indicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccination not indicated
20210131
1145022003
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine contraindicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine contraindicated
20210131
1145032005
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccine declined (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine declined
20210131
1145029007
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid vaccination not indicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination not indicated
20210131
1157110005
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1157118003
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 non-replicating viral vector vaccine declined
20210731
1162647000
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1162649002
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine declined
20210731
1156270003
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination declined (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination declined
20210731
1156267002
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination not indicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination not indicated
20210731
1156265005
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine contraindicated (situation)
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine contraindicated
20210731
1156746003
Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (disorder)
Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia
20210731
Education
Education is an important aspect of preventing and managing COVID-19 infection. The following SNOMED CT concepts may be used to record this data.
CV19-PTE-Education
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
736017006
Education about hand hygiene (procedure)
Education about hand hygiene
20180131
868263005
Education about infectious disease (procedure)
Education about infectious disease
20200731
223426009
Equipment use education (procedure)
Equipment use education
20020131
698608004
Hand washing education (procedure)
Hand washing education
20140131
385820004
Infection control education (procedure)
Infection control education
20100731
Medication
A number of countries are trialling the use of medication to treat COVID-19. Many of these medications can be found in the 373873005 | Pharmaceutical / biologic product (product)| hierarchy of SNOMED CT. However until there is sufficient evidence, the WHO is cautioning against associations recommending or administering these unproven treatments to patients with COVID-19 or people self-medicating with them. For this reason, we have not included a medication treatment subset at this time.
COVID-19 vaccines, however, have been proven to be effective in clinical trials. The following generic vaccine concepts may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
CV19-PTE-Vaccines
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
28531000087107
Vaccine product against Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (medicinal product)
COVID-19 vaccine
20210731
1157024006
Vaccine product containing only inactivated whole Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (medicinal product)
Inactivated whole SARS-CoV-2 antigen vaccine
20210731
29061000087103
Vaccine product containing only recombinant non-replicating viral vector encoding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein (medicinal product)
COVID-19 non-replicating viral vector vaccine
20210731
1119305005
Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen (medicinal product)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen only vaccine product
20210131
1119349007
Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 messenger ribonucleic acid (medicinal product)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA only vaccine product
20210131
1162643001
Vaccine product containing only Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 recombinant spike protein antigen (medicinal product)
SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein antigen vaccine
20210731
Administrative Procedures
Patients with severe symptoms or complications may require admission to hospital, or other administrative procedures. The following administrative procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
CV19-PTE-AdministrativeProcedures
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
183452005
Emergency hospital admission (procedure)
Emergency hospital admission
20020131
305376003
Admission to infectious diseases department (procedure)
Admission to infectious diseases department
20020131
305351004
Admission to intensive care unit (procedure)
Admission to intensive care unit
20020131
305360007
Admission to respiratory medicine department (procedure)
Admission to respiratory medicine department
20020131
32485007
Hospital admission (procedure)
Hospital admission
20020131
417005
Hospital re-admission (procedure)
Hospital re-admission
20020131
107724000
Patient transfer (procedure)
Patient transfer
20020131
397821002
Patient transfer to intensive care unit (procedure)
Patient transfer to intensive care unit
20030731
710112000
Transfer of care from hospital (procedure)
Transfer of care from hospital
20150731
429202003
Transfer of care to hospital (procedure)
Transfer of care to hospital
20080131
Therapeutic Procedures
Patients suffering from severe COVID-19 symptoms or complications may require a range of therapeutic procedures, many of them involving supportive care to help them breathe. The following therapeutic procedures may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
CV19-PTE-TherapeuticProcedures
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
40617009
Artificial respiration (procedure)
Artificial respiration
20020131
233573008
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (procedure)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
20020131
697984004
Exteriorization of trachea (procedure)
Exteriorization of trachea
20140131
229301009
Incentive spirometry (regime/therapy)
Incentive spirometry
20020131
829831000000100
Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance (procedure)
Insertion of fiducial marker into lung using computed tomography guidance
20200731
447996002
Intubation of respiratory tract (procedure)
Intubation of respiratory tract
20110731
243141005
Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation (procedure)
Mechanically assisted spontaneous ventilation
20020131
428311008
Noninvasive ventilation (procedure)
Noninvasive ventilation
20080131
371908008
Oxygen administration by mask (procedure)
Oxygen administration by mask
20020731
371907003
Oxygen administration by nasal cannula (procedure)
Oxygen administration by nasal cannula
20020731
431182000
Placing subject in prone position (procedure)
Placing subject in prone position
20080731
11140008
Respiratory assist, manual (procedure)
Respiratory assist, manual
20020131
1156748002
Transfusion of convalescent plasma into central vein (procedure)
Transfusion of convalescent plasma into central vein
20210731
1156747007
Transfusion of convalescent plasma into peripheral vein (procedure)
Transfusion of convalescent plasma into peripheral vein
20210731
Treatment Findings
Clinical findings relating to the treatment performed on a patient may be captured in a health record. The following treatment findings may be recorded using SNOMED CT.
CV19-PTE-TreatmentPreventionFindings
Concept id
Fully Specified Name
en-US Preferred Term
Effective Time
79031000119101
Dependence on respirator (finding)
Dependence on respirator
20150731
931000119107
Dependence on supplemental oxygen (finding)
Dependence on supplemental oxygen
20120731
444932008
Dependence on ventilator (finding)
Dependence on ventilator
20100731
763326004
Difficult mask ventilation (finding)
Difficult mask ventilation
20180731
718447001
Difficult tracheal intubation (finding)
Difficult intubation
20160731
419991009
Endotracheal tube present (finding)
Endotracheal tube present
20060131
405496006
Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically (finding)
Inability to ventilate patients lungs mechanically
20040131
22803001
Normal respiratory function (finding)
Normal respiratory function
20020131
371825009
Patient on oxygen (finding)
Patient on oxygen
20020731
371820004
Patient ventilated (finding)
Patient ventilated
20020731
718085007
Unable to intubate and unable to ventilate (finding)
Cannot intubate cannot ventilate
20160731
128258000
Ventilation finding (finding)
Ventilation finding
20020131
Treatment Equipment
Respiratory equipment includes those medical devices used to support breathing and respiratory function - for example 706173000 |Intensive-care ventilator (physical object)| , and 464328001 |Thoracic cannula (physical object)| .
CV19-PTE-TreatmentEquipment
Intensional Definition:
< 277973009 |Respiratory equipment (physical object)| OR < 336589003 |Oxygen equipment (physical object)| OR < 334943003 |Respiratory appliances (physical object)| OR < 304077006 |Respiratory system device (physical object)| OR < 706167001 |Anesthesia and respiratory device (physical object)|
Footnotes
1 Audits in Infection Prevention and Control, IFIC Basic Concepts of Infection Control (Chapter 6), 3rd edition, 2016, International Federation of Infection Control
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